Weather: Cool and crisp, averaging 4°C–12°C. Expect short days (sunrise ~7:40am, sunset ~4:45pm) and occasional rain. Evenings get colder near the Tiber. Pack a warm coat, scarf, gloves, and waterproof shoes.
Crowds: Moderate crowds around major landmarks, heavier near Vatican City, Piazza del Popolo, and Circus Maximus during celebrations. Expect large gatherings on Dec 31. Book tickets and dinner reservations early.
Budget: Prices rise 20–30% from Dec 28–Jan 2. Cenone di Capodanno dinners range €80–€200 per person. Public concerts and fireworks are free.
Dress code: Smart-casual for dinners and parties; layered clothing for daytime sightseeing. A long coat and sturdy shoes are essential for cold evenings.
Transport: Metro and main bus lines run extended hours until about 2:30am on Dec 31. Limited night services after that. Jan 1 transport resumes around 8:00am with reduced frequency. Taxis and ride apps may be hard to find after midnight, plan ahead.