Roman Catacombs: A brief timeline
📍 2nd century AD – The birth of Christian catacombs
Early Christians, facing persecution, begin burying their dead in underground tunnels outside Rome’s city walls. These hidden burial sites double as sacred spaces for worship and remembrance.
📍 3rd century AD – Expansion & recognition
The Catacombs of St. Callixtus become the official cemetery of the Church of Rome. Many popes and Christian martyrs are laid to rest here, cementing their religious significance.
📍 4th century AD – The end of persecution
With Emperor Constantine legalizing Christianity (Edict of Milan, 313 AD), grand basilicas are built over key catacombs, including those of St. Agnes and St. Sebastian. While burials continue, the need for secrecy disappears.
📍 5th - 9th century AD – Decline & abandonment
As above-ground churches and cemeteries take over, the catacombs fall into neglect. Pilgrims still visit the tombs of martyrs, but many relics are moved to churches in Rome for safekeeping.
📍 16th - 19th century AD – Rediscovery & study
Archaeologists begin exploring and documenting the catacombs. Pope Gregory XIII commissions studies of these underground sites, while the Capuchin Crypt—adorned with friars’ bones—becomes a haunting memento mori.
📍 20th - 21st century AD – Preservation & tourism
The Vatican and Italian authorities restore and protect the catacombs, turning them into a must-visit attraction. Today, they offer a rare glimpse into early Christian life beneath Rome’s surface.
Detailed history of Roman Catacombs